Effects of Injection Timing and Antioxidant on NOx Reduction of CI Engine Fueled with Algae Biodiesel Blend Using Machine Learning Techniques

Fossil fuels are depended upon often in the transport sector. The use of diesel engines all areas produce pollutants, such as NOx and CO, which cause serious environmental pollution hazards, global climate change breathing difficulties. Conventional fuel usage should be reduced, there a shift toward alternative fuels. For compression ignition (CI) engines, microalgae biodiesel has been promoted clean, sustainable fuel. This is because it possesses desired traits, quick rate development, high productivity, capacity to turn CO2 into When algal used, UBHC, smoke, typically whereas emissions increased. adoption an exhaust gas recirculation technology advancement or delay injection timing can effectively reduce formation. Incorporating antioxidant chemicals butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA) also minimizes In this study, substitute for CI was investigated by altering adding each two doses. According ASTM standard test procedures biodiesel, qualities various blends with antioxidants were tested compared experiments conducted using parameters examined, NOx, smoke opacity. comparison fuel, B20 + 30% BHA (21 bTDC) produced 49% lower oxides nitrogen. HC, CO blend (25 reduced 33.33%, 32.37%, 11.21%, respectively, those showed highest brake thermal efficiency 14.52% at peak load condition. A multi-output regression deep long short-term memory (MDLSTM) model designed predict performance operating varied mixtures. average RMSE R2 values proposed MDLSTM 0.38 0.9579, respectively.